In plant cells, what takes the place of oxygen to directly promote chemiosmosis.

On-Line Biology Volume: GLOSSARY

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calcitoninA hormone produced by the thyroid that plays a function in regulating calcium levels.

calcium carbonate Chemical that also occurs in limestone and marble.

Calvin bicycle (aka Calvin-Benson Cycle or Carbon Fixation) Series of biochemical, enzyme -mediated reactions during which atmospheric carbon dioxide is reduced and incorporated into organic molecules, eventually some of this forms sugars. In eukaryotes , this occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast .

cambium A lateral meristem in plants. Types of cambiums include vascular , cork , and intercalary.

Cambrian Geologic period that begins the Paleozoic Era 570 1000000 years ago. Marked in its beginning by a proliferation of animals with hard, preservable parts, such as brachiopods , trilobites , and archaeocyathids . PICTURE

campodactylyA dominant trait in which a musculus is improperly attached to bones in the little finger, causing the finger to exist permanently bent.

capillariesPocket-size, thin-walled blood vessels that allow oxygen to diffuse from the blood into the cells and carbon dioxide to lengthened from the cells into the blood. Moving picture

capillary bedA branching network of capillaries supplied by arterioles and drained by venules .

capsid The protein "beat out" of a costless virus particle. This definition is from the Glossary at the UCMP site at http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss4cell.html

capsule i. Structure produced around certain bacteria; ii. Structure produced past the bryophyte sporophyte that contains spores produced by meiosis .

carbohydratesOrganic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that serve as free energy sources and structural materials for cells of all organisms.

cardiac wheelI heartbeat; consists of atrial contraction and relaxation, ventricular contraction and relaxation, and a curt pause.

cardiac muscleThe blazon of muscle that is found in the walls of the heart. Cardiac muscle is striated but branched, unlike the straight-shaped striated skeletal musculus cells. Motion picture

cardiovascular system The human circulatory system consisting of the heart and the vessels that transport blood to and from the heart. Picture show

carnivores Term practical to a heterotroph , commonly an animal, that eats other animals. Carnivores function as secondary, tertiary, or summit consumers in food chains and food webs .

carotenoids Major grouping of accompaniment pigments in plants; includes beta carotene. PICTURE

carpalsThe basic that make up the wrist joint.

carpelsThe female reproductive structures of a flower ; consisting of the ovary , style , and stigma . Motion picture

carrageenan Chemic extracted from red algae that is added to commercial ice creams every bit an emulsifying agent.

carrying chapters The maximum population size that tin can exist regularly sustained by an surround; the indicate where the population size levels off in the logistic growth model.

Casparian stripIn plants, an impermeable waxy layer betwixt the cells of the endodermis that stops water and solutes from entering the xylem , except past passing through the cytoplasm of side by side cells. Pic 1 Picture show two

cast Type of fossil preservation where the original textile of the fossil has decayed and been replaced after by another material, much the way a plaster cast is made in a mold.

catabolic reactionsReactions in cells in which existing chemical bonds are broken and molecules are cleaved downward; more often than not produce energy , involve oxidation , and atomic number 82 to a decrease in atomic club.

catastrophism Once-popular belief that events in globe history had occurred in the past a sudden events and by processes unlike those operating today. Periods of catastrophic alter were followed past long periods of niggling modify. A subgroup, the Diluvialists, contended that Noah'due south Flood was the terminal of many floods which had occurred throughout world history.

cell bodyIn a neuron , the role that contains the nucleus and most of the cytoplasm and the organelles . PICTURE 1 PICTURE 2

cell bicycleThe sequence of events from one sectionalization of a jail cell to the next; consists of mitosis (or segmentation) and interphase . Flick

cell-mediated immunityAllowed reaction directed confronting torso cells that have been infected by viruses and bacteria; controlled by T cells .

cell plateIn plants, a membrane-bound infinite produced during cytokinesis by the vesicles of the Golgi apparatus . The jail cell plate fuses with the plasma membrane, dividing the cell into two compartments.

cellsThe smallest structural units of living thing capable of functioning independently. Film 1 PICTURE two

prison cell theoryI of the four (or five) unifying concepts in biology. The cell theory states that all living things are composed of at least one cell and that the cell is the fundamental unit of measurement of function in all organisms. Corollaries: the chemical composition of all cells is fundamentally alike; all cells arise from preexisting cells through prison cell division.

cellular respirationThe transfer of free energy from various molecules to produce ATP ; occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotes , the cytoplasm of prokaryotes . In the procedure, oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is generated.

celluloseA polysaccharide that is equanimous of unbranched chains of glucose ; the major structural carbohydrate of plants, insoluble in h2o, and indigestible in the human intestine. PICTURE 1 PICTURE 2

cell wall Construction produced by some cells outside their prison cell membrane; variously equanimous of chitin , peptidoglycan, or cellulose. Movie

Cenozoic EraThe menstruum of geologic time outset after the end of the Mesozoic Era 65 1000000 years ago and encompassing the present. Commonly referred to every bit the age of mammals. Picture

central nervous system (CNS)The sectionalization of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord .

centriole Paired cellular organelle which functions in the organization of the mitotic spindle during prison cell division in eukaryotes . Pic

centromereA specialized region on each chromatid to which kinetochores and sister chromatids attach. Moving picture

cephalizationThe concentration of sensory tissues in the anterior part of the body (head).

cerebellumThat part of the encephalon concerned with fine motor coordination and body movement, posture, and balance; is office of the hindbrain and is attached to the rear portion of the brain stem . Motion picture

cognitive cortexThe outer layer of gray matter in the cerebrum; consists mainly of neuronal prison cell bodies and dendrites in humans; associated with higher functions, including language and abstract thought.

cerebrumThe role of the forebrain that includes the cognitive cortex; the largest part of the homo brain. PICTURE

cervixThe lower cervix of the uterus that opens into the vagina . Motion picture

channelsSend proteins that act equally gates to control the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane of a nerve cell.

chemical equilibriumThe condition when the forward and contrary reaction rates are equal and the concentrations of the products remain constant.

chemiosmosisThe process by which ATP is produced in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion . The electron transport system transfers protons from the inner compartment to the outer; as the protons flow back to the inner compartment, the energy of their motility is used to add phosphate to ADP , forming ATP. Pic 1 Pic 2

chemotrophsOrganisms (usually bacteria) that derive free energy from inorganic reactions; too known as chemosynthetic.

chiasmaThe site where the substitution of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes takes place ( crossing-over ) (pl.: chiasmata). Moving picture

chitinA polysaccharide contained in fungi ; also forms function of the hard outer covering of insects.

chlamydiaA sexually transmitted disease caused past a parasitic bacterium that lives inside cells of the reproductive tract.

chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)Chemical substances used in refrigerators, air conditioners, and solvents that drift to the upper stratosphere and dissociate. Chlorine released by CFCs reacts with ozone , eroding the ozone layer.

chlorophyllThe pigment in green plants that absorbs solar energy. PICTURE

chlorophyll a The green photosynthetic paint common to all photosynthetic organisms. PICTURE

chlorophyll b An accompaniment chlorophyll constitute in greenish algae and plants.

chlorophyll c An accompaniment chlorophyll found in some protistans .

Chlorophyta The taxonomic division that contains what are unremarkably called the light-green algae. PICTURE

chloroplastsDisk-like organelles with a double membrane found in eukaryotic plant cells; contain thylakoids and are the site of photosynthesis . ATP is generated during photosynthesis past chemiosmosis . Movie

cholecystokininA hormone secreted in the duodenum that causes the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to secrete lipase .

chorionThe 2-layered structure formed from the trophoblast after implantation; secretes human being chorionic gonadotropin .

chorionic villi sampling (CVS)A method of prenatal testing in which fetal cells from the fetal side of the placenta (chorionic villi) are extracted and analyzed for chromosomal and biochemical defects.

chromatidMore often than not refers to a strand of a replicated chromosome ; consists of DNA and protein . Moving-picture show

chromatinA complex of Deoxyribonucleic acid and protein in eukaryotic cells that is dispersed throughout the nucleus during interphase and condensed into chromosomes during meiosis and mitosis . Pic

chromosomesStructures in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell that consist of Deoxyribonucleic acid molecules that contain the genes . Picture

chromosome theory of inheritanceHolds that chromosomes are the cellular components that physically contain genes ; proposed in 1903 by Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri.

Chrysophytes Protistan partition that is referred to equally the gilded brown algae; includes the diatoms. Picture show 1 PICTURE 2

ciliaHair-like organelles extending from the membrane of many eukaryotic cells; often function in locomotion (sing.: cilium).

circadian rhythmsBiorhythms that occur on a daily cycle.

circulatory arrangementOne of eleven major body organ systems in animals; transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste products between cells and the respiratory system and carries chemical signals from the endocrine organization ; consists of the blood, heart, and blood vessels. Picture show

circulatory system, airtightA system that uses a continuous serial of vessels of dissimilar sizes to deliver blood to body cells and render it to the centre; plant in echinoderms and vertebrates . Moving-picture show

circulatory system, openA system in which the circulating fluid is not enclosed in vessels at all times; constitute in insects, crayfish, some mollusks, and other invertebrates. Moving picture

classes Taxonomic subcategories of phyla . PICTURE

clavicle The neckband bone.

cleavage furrowA constriction of the jail cell membrane at the equator of the cell that marks the outset of cytokinesis in animal cells. The cell divides as the furrow deepens.

climax customsThe stage in community succession where the community has go relatively stable through successful aligning to its surround.

clitorisA curt shaft with a sensitive tip located where the labia minora meet; consists of erectile tissue and is important in female sexual arousal. PICTURE

cloneAn exact re-create of a DNA segment; produced past recombinant Dna engineering.

closed customs A customs in which populations have similar range boundaries and density peaks; forms a discrete unit with precipitous boundaries.

codominanceA type of inheritance in which heterozygotes fully express both alleles .

codonA sequence of 3 nucleotides in messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid .

coelomIn animals, a body cavity between the body wall and the digestive system that forms during preadult evolution.

coelomatesAnimals that take a coelom or trunk cavity lined with mesoderm .

coenzymesChemicals required by a number of enzymes for proper functioning; also known equally enzyme cofactors.

cohesionThe forcefulness that holds molecules of the aforementioned substance together.

cohesion-adhesion theoryDescribes the properties of h2o that aid motion it through a plant. Cohesion is the ability of h2o molecules to stick together (held by hydrogen bonds ), forming a column of water extending from the roots to the leaves; adhesion is the ability of water molecules to stick to the cellulose in plant cell walls, counteracting the force of gravity and helping to lift the column of h2o. PICTURE ane Moving-picture show 2 Flick iii

collenchymaI of the 3 major jail cell types in plants; are elongated and accept thicker walls than parenchyma cells and are ordinarily arranged in strands; provide support and are generally in a region that is growing. PICTURE ane PICTURE 2

colonial 1. Level of organisation intermediate betwixt unicellular and multicellular - organisms are composed of multiple cells but fail to exhibit specialization of those cells. Examples: Volvox, a colonial alga. Click HERE to view a serial of images of Volvox. two. Term applied to organisms that occur in a fixed location, with 1 generation growing atop previous generations, as in coral reefs.

commensalismA symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other is non afflicted.

community All species or populations living in the aforementioned area.

community age1 of the factors that helps cause the latitudinal diversity gradient. Tropical communities have had more time to evolve considering they have been less disrupted past advancing ice sheets and other relatively contempo climatic changes.

community simplificationThe reduction of overall species diversity in a community; generally caused by human activity.

customs successionThe sequential replacement of species in a community by immigration of new species and past local extinction of old ones.

compact boneThe outer dense layer that forms the shaft of the long bones; made up of concentric layers of mineral deposits surrounding a key opening. PICTURE

companion cellsSpecialized cells in the phloem that load sugars into the sieve elements and aid maintain a functional plasma membrane in the sieve elements. PICTURE 1 Movie 2

competitionOne of the biological interactions that tin can limit population growth; occurs when two species vie with each other for the same resource.

competitive exclusionCompetition betwixt species that is so intense that 1 species completely eliminates the second species from the area.

competitive releaseOccurs when 1 of two competing species is removed from an surface area, thereby releasing the remaining species from one of the factors that limited its population size.

complementary nucleotides The bonding preferences of nucleotides, Adenine with Thymine , and Cytosine with Guanine . Also referred to as complementary base pairing. Movie

complement systemA chemical defense system that kills microorganisms directly, supplements the inflammatory response , and works with, or complements, the immune system . Movie

consummate dominanceThe blazon of inheritance in which both heterozygotes and dominant homozygotes have the aforementioned phenotype .

complete flower Status in which all blossom parts are nowadays. Instance: lily.

compoundA substance formed by two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio.

chemical compound leaf A leafage in which the blade forms small-scale leaflets. Compound leaves that have several minor leaflets originating from a primal axis are termed pinnately compound; example: rose. Compound leaves that accept their leaflets originating from a common bespeak are termed palmately compound; example: palm.

pinch Type of fossilization in which the fossil is flattened (compressed)m by the weight of overlying sediment.

conditioned responseThe response to a stimulus that occurs when an animal has learned to associate the stimulus with a certain positive or negative consequence.

conesLow-cal receptors in primates' optics that operate in brilliant light; provide color vision and visual vigil.

conifers Group of gymnosperms that reproduce past cones and have needle-like leaves (in full general); includes the pines.

connective tissue Brute tissue composed of cells embedded in a matrix (gel, elastic fibers, liquid, or inorganic minerals). Includes loose, dense, and gristly connective tissues that provide strength (os, cartilage), storage (os, adipose), and flexibility (tendons, ligaments). PICTURE

consumersThe college levels in a food pyramid ; consist of primary consumers, which feed on the producers , and secondary consumers, which feed on the primary consumers.

continuous variationOccurs when the phenotypes of traits controlled past a unmarried gene cannot be sorted into two distinct phenotypic classes, just rather autumn into a series of overlapping classes. Picture

contractile vacuole Organelle in many eukaryotes that acts equally a bilge pump in the agile transport of excess water from the cell.

dissimilarityIn relation to microscopes, the ability to distinguish different densities of structures.

convergent evolutionThe evolution of like structures in distantly related organisms as a result of adapting to similar environments and/or strategies of life. Example: wings of birds and insects, the body shape of dolphins, sharks, and the extinct marine reptiles known as ichthyosaurs.

convergent plate boundaryThe boundary betwixt two plates that are moving toward one another.

coprolitesFossilized carrion. Picture show

corkThe outer layer of the bark in woody plants; equanimous of dead cells.

cork cambium A layer of lateral meristematic tissue between the cork and the phloem in the bark of woody plants.

coronary arteries Arteries that supply the heart's muscle fibers with nutrients and oxygen.

corpus callosumTightly bundled nerve fibers that connect the right and left hemispheres of the cerebrum .

corpus luteum A construction formed from the ovulated follicle in the ovary ; secretes progesterone and estrogen . PICTURE

cortex one) The outer role of an organ, e.grand., the adrenal cortex, which produces several steroid hormones ; two) in plants, the region of the stem or root between the epidermis and the vascular bundle(s) . PICTURE

cortisolThe primary glucocorticoid hormone ; released by the adrenal cortex.

cotyledonA leaf-similar construction that is present in the seeds of flowering plants ; appears during seed germination and sometimes is referred to every bit a seed foliage. Motion picture

countercurrent menstruumAn organisation by which fish obtain oxygen from the water that flows through their gills. Water flows across the respiratory surface of the gill in 1 direction while blood flows in the other direction through the blood vessels on the other side of the surface.

courting behaviorBehavioral sequences that precede mating.

covalent bailA chemical bond created by the sharing of electrons between atoms.

craniumThe braincase; composed of several bones fitted together at immovable joints.

Cretaceous Flow The geologic flow betwixt the Jurassic Menses (140 milliojn years ago) and the Tertiary Period (beginning 65 one thousand thousand years ago). The Cretaceous was marked by a mass extinction that closed the catamenia along with the reign of the nonavian dinosaurs.

cristaeStructures formed by the folding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion (sing.: crista). PICTURE

crossing-overDuring the first meiotic prophase , the process in which part of a chromatid is physically exchanged with another chromatid to form chromosomes with new allele combinations. PICTURE

crossopterygiansA type of lobe-finned fish with lungs that were ancestral to amphibians .

crustaceansA large taxonomic class of arthropods that includes lobsters, shrimps, and crabs.

cuticle A film equanimous of wax and cutin that occurs on the external surface of constitute stems and leaves and helps to prevent water loss.

cyanobacteria Blue-green bacteria; unicellular or filamentous chains of cells that carry out photosynthesis .

cycadeoids A grouping of gymnosperm seed plants not closely rated to, but superficially similar to, the cycads. Cycads and cycadeoids were ascendant floristic elements of early on and eye Mesozoic landscapes. This groupo is likewise known as the Bennettitaleans.

cycads Grouping of gymnosperm seed plants that have large fern-similar leaves and reproduce by cones only not flowers.

cycleA recurring sequence of events; e. m., the secretion of certain hormones at regular intervals.

cyclin A protein found in the dividing cells of many organisms that acts every bit a control during cell segmentation.

cystic fibrosisAn autosomal recessive genetic disorder that causes the production of mucus that clogs the airways of the lungs and the ducts of the pancreas and other secretory glands.

cytokinesis The division of the cytoplasm during prison cell division.

cytokinins A group of hormones that promote cell division and inhibit aging of green tissues in plants.

cytologyThe branch of biology dealing with cell construction.

cytoplasmThe gummy semiliquid within the plasma membrane of a cell; contains various macromolecules and organelles in solution and suspension.

cytosine 1 of the pyrimidine nitrogenous bases occurring in both DNA and RNA . Picture

cytoskeletonA three-dimensional network of microtubules and filaments that provides internal support for the cells, anchors internal cell structures, and functions in jail cell move and sectionalisation. Moving picture

cytoxic T cells T cells that destroy body cells infected by viruses or bacteria; too assault leaner, fungi , parasites , and cancer cells and volition kill cells of transplanted organs if they are recognized as foreign; also known as killer T cells.

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Text ©1992, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1998, 2000, M.J. Farabee, all rights reserved.

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